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Sub-structure

The sub-structure forms the building’s foundation, including footings, slabs, and below-ground walls. Typically heavy in concrete and steel, these elements often account for a large share of total embodied carbon. Early-stage visibility into material impacts can support reduction strategies from the ground up.

Average NABERS Benchmark

Lowest

Highest

S5MPA R82 20MM LEAN MIX HAND PLACED AEA (NSW)
S5MPA R82 20MM LEAN MIX HAND PLACED AEA (NSW)
Adbri
141.57
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
22%

below NABERS average

Futurecrete® Ultra S7MPA LEAN HAND PLACED 20MM (NSW)
Futurecrete® Ultra S7MPA LEAN HAND PLACED 20MM (NSW)
Adbri
154.06
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
15%

below NABERS average

Pre-mix Concrete EKB280L
Pre-mix Concrete EKB280L
Barro Group
174.48
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
30%

below NABERS average

Futurecrete® Ultra S15MPA BLOCKFILL 10MM (NSW)
Futurecrete® Ultra S15MPA BLOCKFILL 10MM (NSW)
Adbri
180.41
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
10%

below NABERS average

Futurecrete® Ultra S15MPA BLOCKFILL 10MM 230MM SLUMP (NSW)
Futurecrete® Ultra S15MPA BLOCKFILL 10MM 230MM SLUMP (NSW)
Adbri
183.55
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
9%

below NABERS average

Pre-mix Concrete EKB280
Pre-mix Concrete EKB280
Barro Group
185.48
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
26%

below NABERS average

Pre-mix Concrete EKB320L
Pre-mix Concrete EKB320L
Barro Group
193.49
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
22%

below NABERS average

Pre-mix Concrete EKB320
Pre-mix Concrete EKB320
Barro Group
206.49
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
17%

below NABERS average

Futurecrete® Special Class GP 10 MPa - Winnellie (NT)
Futurecrete® Special Class GP 10 MPa - Winnellie (NT)
Adbri
248.19
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
37%

above NABERS average

60 MPa, Readymix concrete: ECO60C2475
60 MPa, Readymix concrete: ECO60C2475
Daracrete Pty Ltd
279.01
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
31%

below NABERS average

Futurecrete® S35MPA S CLASS 20MM R83 HAND PLACE (NSW)
Futurecrete® S35MPA S CLASS 20MM R83 HAND PLACE (NSW)
Adbri
279.32
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
8%

below NABERS average

Futurecrete® Ultra S40 10MM RMS B80 B2 HWC (NSW)
Futurecrete® Ultra S40 10MM RMS B80 B2 HWC (NSW)
Adbri
283.53
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
7%

below NABERS average

35 MPa, Pre-mix Concrete TfNSW R83 20mm Hand/Machine placed (NSW, Wollongong)
35 MPa, Pre-mix Concrete TfNSW R83 20mm Hand/Machine placed (NSW, Wollongong)
Boral
287.00
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
6%

below NABERS average

35 MPa, Pre-mix Concrete TfNSW R83 20mm Hand/Machine placed (NSW, Sydney)
35 MPa, Pre-mix Concrete TfNSW R83 20mm Hand/Machine placed (NSW, Sydney)
Boral
289.00
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
5%

below NABERS average

55 MPa, (VE552EVR3) Ecopact
55 MPa, (VE552EVR3) Ecopact
Holcim
289.16
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
28%

below NABERS average

55 MPa, (VE552EVR3) Ecopact
55 MPa, (VE552EVR3) Ecopact
Holcim
289.16
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
28%

below NABERS average

35 MPa, Pre-mix Concrete TfNSW R83 20mm Hand/Machine placed (ACT, Canberra)
35 MPa, Pre-mix Concrete TfNSW R83 20mm Hand/Machine placed (ACT, Canberra)
Boral
294.00
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
4%

below NABERS average

55 MPa, (VS552FVRT)
55 MPa, (VS552FVRT)
Holcim
303.35
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
25%

below NABERS average

40MPa, Mix A: Precast - 25% Indicative Cement Replacement - Fly Ash
40MPa, Mix A: Precast - 25% Indicative Cement Replacement - Fly Ash
Hymix
336.00
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
10%

above NABERS average

S35MPA S CLASS 20MM R83 FIBRE (NSW)
S35MPA S CLASS 20MM R83 FIBRE (NSW)
Adbri
338.84
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
11%

above NABERS average

Futurecrete® Ultra S60MPA PILE/ TREMIE 10MM SP (NSW)
Futurecrete® Ultra S60MPA PILE/ TREMIE 10MM SP (NSW)
Adbri
349.87
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
13%

below NABERS average

S35MPA S CLASS 20MM R83 SLIPFORM (NSW)
S35MPA S CLASS 20MM R83 SLIPFORM (NSW)
Adbri
355.03
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
16%

above NABERS average

S35MPA S CLASS 20MM R83 MACHINE PLACED (NSW)
S35MPA S CLASS 20MM R83 MACHINE PLACED (NSW)
Adbri
356.61
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
17%

above NABERS average

Minecem (MCM) - Birkenhead
Minecem (MCM) - Birkenhead
Adbri
376.00
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
N/A

NABERS average

60 MPa, Readymix concrete: Z62HWCB80475
60 MPa, Readymix concrete: Z62HWCB80475
Daracrete Pty Ltd
425.22
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
6%

above NABERS average

60 MPa, Readymix concrete: Z6010FLOW650
60 MPa, Readymix concrete: Z6010FLOW650
Daracrete Pty Ltd
447.09
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
11%

above NABERS average

60 MPa, Readymix concrete: Z6020FLOW475
60 MPa, Readymix concrete: Z6020FLOW475
Daracrete Pty Ltd
448.36
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
12%

above NABERS average

60 MPa, Readymix concrete: Z6020FLOW650
60 MPa, Readymix concrete: Z6020FLOW650
Daracrete Pty Ltd
448.50
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
12%

above NABERS average

Minecem (MCM) - Munster
Minecem (MCM) - Munster
Adbri
505.00
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
N/A

NABERS average

General Purpose Cement (GP) - Darwin
General Purpose Cement (GP) - Darwin
Adbri
509.00
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
N/A

NABERS average

Low Heat Cement (LH) - Darwin
Low Heat Cement (LH) - Darwin
Adbri
509.00
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
N/A

NABERS average

Granulated Blast Furnace Slag Cement (GBS) - Birkenhead
Granulated Blast Furnace Slag Cement (GBS) - Birkenhead
Adbri
543.00
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
N/A

NABERS average

Low Carbon Cement
Low Carbon Cement
Cement Australia Pty Ltd
544.00
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
N/A

NABERS average

General Purpose Cement (GP) - Birkenhead
General Purpose Cement (GP) - Birkenhead
Adbri
676.00
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
N/A

NABERS average

Goliath General Purpose Cement
Goliath General Purpose Cement
Cement Australia Pty Ltd
757.00
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
N/A

NABERS average

Shrinkage Limited Cement (SL) - Port Kembla
Shrinkage Limited Cement (SL) - Port Kembla
Adbri
812.00
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
N/A

NABERS average

Port Kembla General Purpose Cement
Port Kembla General Purpose Cement
Cement Australia Pty Ltd
846.00
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
N/A

NABERS average

Bulwer Island General Purpose Cement
Bulwer Island General Purpose Cement
Cement Australia Pty Ltd
861.00
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
N/A

NABERS average

General Purpose Cement (GP) - Munster
General Purpose Cement (GP) - Munster
Adbri
985.00
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
N/A

NABERS average

General Purpose Cement (GP) - Kwinana
General Purpose Cement (GP) - Kwinana
Adbri
1,090.00
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
N/A

NABERS average

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