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Sub-structure

The sub-structure forms the building’s foundation, including footings, slabs, and below-ground walls. Typically heavy in concrete and steel, these elements often account for a large share of total embodied carbon. Early-stage visibility into material impacts can support reduction strategies from the ground up.

Average NABERS Benchmark

Lowest

Highest

50MPa, Pre-mix Concrete TfNSW B80 - TREMIE B2 Exposure (NSW, Newcastle)
50MPa, Pre-mix Concrete TfNSW B80 - TREMIE B2 Exposure (NSW, Newcastle)
Boral
101.00
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
71.47%

below NABERS average

20MPa, (NE201E1)(Ecopact)
20MPa, (NE201E1)(Ecopact)
Holcim
136.11
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
32.28%

below NABERS average

20MPa, (NE201E5)(Ecopact)
20MPa, (NE201E5)(Ecopact)
Holcim
136.11
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
32.28%

below NABERS average

20MPa Pre-mix Concrete EPG20FL
20MPa Pre-mix Concrete EPG20FL
Barro Group
137.49
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
31.60%

below NABERS average

20MPa, (NE202E1)(Ecopact)
20MPa, (NE202E1)(Ecopact)
Holcim
140.11
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
30.29%

below NABERS average

S5MPA R82 20MM LEAN MIX HAND PLACED AEA (NSW)
S5MPA R82 20MM LEAN MIX HAND PLACED AEA (NSW)
Adbri
141.57
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
21.79%

below NABERS average

20MPa Pre-mix Concrete EPG20F
20MPa Pre-mix Concrete EPG20F
Barro Group
144.49
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
28.12%

below NABERS average

20MPa, Pre-mix Concrete Normal Class GP/GGBFS/FA blend (NSW, Wollongong)
20MPa, Pre-mix Concrete Normal Class GP/GGBFS/FA blend (NSW, Wollongong)
Boral
148.00
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
26.37%

below NABERS average

20MPa, Ready-Mix Concrete (LC)50 (NSW)
20MPa, Ready-Mix Concrete (LC)50 (NSW)
Concrite
149.00
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
25.87%

below NABERS average

25 MPa, (NE252E1)(Ecopact)
25 MPa, (NE252E1)(Ecopact)
Holcim
149.12
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
32.83%

below NABERS average

25 MPa, (NE252E5)(Ecopact)
25 MPa, (NE252E5)(Ecopact)
Holcim
149.12
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
32.83%

below NABERS average

Futurecrete® Ultra N Class GP/GL:Slag 20MPa (TAS)
Futurecrete® Ultra N Class GP/GL:Slag 20MPa (TAS)
Adbri
149.14
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
25.80%

below NABERS average

20MPa, (QE202E) (Ecopact)
20MPa, (QE202E) (Ecopact)
Holcim
151.10
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
24.83%

below NABERS average

20MPa, (QE201E)(Ecopact)
20MPa, (QE201E)(Ecopact)
Holcim
151.16
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
24.80%

below NABERS average

20MPa, Triple Blend (NSW/ACT)
20MPa, Triple Blend (NSW/ACT)
Holcim
152.00
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
24.38%

below NABERS average

15MPa, N15/20N/SCM concrete manufactured in our Southern Region
15MPa, N15/20N/SCM concrete manufactured in our Southern Region
Hazell Bros Concrete Pty Ltd
153.01
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
23.88%

below NABERS average

20MPa, (QE202E100) (Ecopact)
20MPa, (QE202E100) (Ecopact)
Holcim
153.11
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
23.83%

below NABERS average

25 MPa, (NE251E1)(Ecopact)
25 MPa, (NE251E1)(Ecopact)
Holcim
153.12
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
31.03%

below NABERS average

25 MPa, (NE251E5)(Ecopact)
25 MPa, (NE251E5)(Ecopact)
Holcim
153.12
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
31.03%

below NABERS average

20MPa, (QE201E100)(Ecopact)
20MPa, (QE201E100)(Ecopact)
Holcim
153.16
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
23.80%

below NABERS average

15MPa, N15/20N/SCM concrete manufactured in our Northern Region
15MPa, N15/20N/SCM concrete manufactured in our Northern Region
Hazell Bros Concrete Pty Ltd
153.35
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
23.71%

below NABERS average

20MPa, Triple Blend (QLD)
20MPa, Triple Blend (QLD)
Holcim
154.00
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
23.38%

below NABERS average

25 MPa, Triple Blend (NSW/ACT)
25 MPa, Triple Blend (NSW/ACT)
Holcim
154.00
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
30.63%

below NABERS average

Futurecrete® Ultra S7MPA LEAN HAND PLACED 20MM (NSW)
Futurecrete® Ultra S7MPA LEAN HAND PLACED 20MM (NSW)
Adbri
154.06
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
14.89%

below NABERS average

20MPa, (QE201E100) (Ecopact)
20MPa, (QE201E100) (Ecopact)
Holcim
156.11
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
22.33%

below NABERS average

20MPa, (QE201E) (Ecopact)
20MPa, (QE201E) (Ecopact)
Holcim
156.11
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
22.33%

below NABERS average

20MPa, (QE202E) (Ecopact)
20MPa, (QE202E) (Ecopact)
Holcim
156.11
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
22.33%

below NABERS average

25 MPa, Concrete: N25/20/80 manufactured at Smithfield
25 MPa, Concrete: N25/20/80 manufactured at Smithfield
Advanced Readymix
156.93
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
29.31%

below NABERS average

20MPa, (QE202E)(Ecopact)
20MPa, (QE202E)(Ecopact)
Holcim
157.15
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
21.82%

below NABERS average

20MPa, Ready-Mix Concrete SLAG AGG CONCRETE MIX, (LC)50 (NSW)
20MPa, Ready-Mix Concrete SLAG AGG CONCRETE MIX, (LC)50 (NSW)
Concrite
158.00
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
21.39%

below NABERS average

20MPa, (QE202EEZY) (Ecopact)
20MPa, (QE202EEZY) (Ecopact)
Holcim
158.11
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
21.34%

below NABERS average

Futurecrete® N Class GP/GL:Slag 20MPa (SA)
Futurecrete® N Class GP/GL:Slag 20MPa (SA)
Adbri
158.12
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
21.33%

below NABERS average

20MPa Pre-mix Concrete EPG20
20MPa Pre-mix Concrete EPG20
Barro Group
158.49
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
21.15%

below NABERS average

15MPa, (VS152BHS2)
15MPa, (VS152BHS2)
Holcim
158.51
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
21.14%

below NABERS average

25 MPa, Concrete: NS25/20/80 manufactured at Smithfield
25 MPa, Concrete: NS25/20/80 manufactured at Smithfield
Advanced Readymix
158.88
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
28.43%

below NABERS average

20MPa, Pre-mix Concrete Normal Class GP/GGBFS/FA blend (NSW, Sydney)
20MPa, Pre-mix Concrete Normal Class GP/GGBFS/FA blend (NSW, Sydney)
Boral
159.00
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
20.90%

below NABERS average

20MPa, (QE202E100) (Ecopact)
20MPa, (QE202E100) (Ecopact)
Holcim
159.11
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
20.84%

below NABERS average

25 MPa, Concrete: NS25/20/100 manufactured at Smithfield
25 MPa, Concrete: NS25/20/100 manufactured at Smithfield
Advanced Readymix
159.39
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
28.20%

below NABERS average

25MPa Pre-mix Concrete EPG25L
25MPa Pre-mix Concrete EPG25L
Barro Group
159.50
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
28.15%

below NABERS average

20MPa, ENVISIA (VIC, Geelong/Bellarine)
20MPa, ENVISIA (VIC, Geelong/Bellarine)
Boral
160.00
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
20.40%

below NABERS average

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