Sub-structure

The sub-structure forms the building’s foundation, including footings, slabs, and below-ground walls. Typically heavy in concrete and steel, these elements often account for a large share of total embodied carbon. Early-stage visibility into material impacts can support reduction strategies from the ground up.

Average NABERS Benchmark

Lowest

Highest

Recycled densely graded aggregate
Recycled densely graded aggregate
ECORR
0.49
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
87.11%

below NABERS average

Recycled Aggregate
Recycled Aggregate
ECORR
0.61
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
83.97%

below NABERS average

Natural Sand
Natural Sand
Holcim
3.10
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
N/A

NABERS average

Aggregate
Aggregate
BGC Australia
4.96
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
25.49%

below NABERS average

Aggregate, Tylden quarry products
Aggregate, Tylden quarry products
Fulton Hogan
5.10
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
23.42%

below NABERS average

Manufactured Sand
Manufactured Sand
Holcim
6.00
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
N/A

NABERS average

Concrete Aggregates
Concrete Aggregates
Holcim
6.17
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
7.36%

below NABERS average

Aggregate, Tynong quarry products
Aggregate, Tynong quarry products
Fulton Hogan
7.80
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
17.12%

above NABERS average

Recovered Aggregates
Recovered Aggregates
Repurpose It
16.00
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
318.85%

above NABERS average

50MPa, Pre-mix Concrete TfNSW B80 - TREMIE B2 Exposure (NSW, Newcastle)
50MPa, Pre-mix Concrete TfNSW B80 - TREMIE B2 Exposure (NSW, Newcastle)
Boral
101.00
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
71.47%

below NABERS average

20MPa,  (NE201E1)(Ecopact)
20MPa, (NE201E1)(Ecopact)
Holcim
136.11
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
32.28%

below NABERS average

20MPa,  (NE201E5)(Ecopact)
20MPa, (NE201E5)(Ecopact)
Holcim
136.11
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
32.28%

below NABERS average

20MPa Pre-mix Concrete EPG20FL
20MPa Pre-mix Concrete EPG20FL
Barro Group
137.49
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
31.60%

below NABERS average

20MPa,  (NE202E1)(Ecopact)
20MPa, (NE202E1)(Ecopact)
Holcim
140.11
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
30.29%

below NABERS average

S5MPA R82 20MM LEAN MIX HAND PLACED AEA (NSW)
S5MPA R82 20MM LEAN MIX HAND PLACED AEA (NSW)
Adbri
141.57
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
21.79%

below NABERS average

20MPa Pre-mix Concrete EPG20F
20MPa Pre-mix Concrete EPG20F
Barro Group
144.49
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
28.12%

below NABERS average

20MPa, Pre-mix Concrete Normal Class GP/GGBFS/FA blend (NSW, Wollongong)
20MPa, Pre-mix Concrete Normal Class GP/GGBFS/FA blend (NSW, Wollongong)
Boral
148.00
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
26.37%

below NABERS average

20MPa, Ready-Mix Concrete (LC)50 (NSW)
20MPa, Ready-Mix Concrete (LC)50 (NSW)
Concrite
149.00
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
25.87%

below NABERS average

25 MPa,  (NE252E1)(Ecopact)
25 MPa, (NE252E1)(Ecopact)
Holcim
149.12
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
32.83%

below NABERS average

25 MPa,  (NE252E5)(Ecopact)
25 MPa, (NE252E5)(Ecopact)
Holcim
149.12
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
32.83%

below NABERS average

Futurecrete® Ultra N Class GP/GL:Slag 20MPa (TAS)
Futurecrete® Ultra N Class GP/GL:Slag 20MPa (TAS)
Adbri
149.14
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
25.80%

below NABERS average

20MPa, (QE202E) (Ecopact)
20MPa, (QE202E) (Ecopact)
Holcim
151.10
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
24.83%

below NABERS average

20MPa, (QE201E)(Ecopact)
20MPa, (QE201E)(Ecopact)
Holcim
151.16
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
24.80%

below NABERS average

20MPa, Triple Blend (NSW/ACT)
20MPa, Triple Blend (NSW/ACT)
Holcim
152.00
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
24.38%

below NABERS average

15MPa, N15/20N/SCM concrete manufactured in our Southern Region
15MPa, N15/20N/SCM concrete manufactured in our Southern Region
Hazell Bros Concrete Pty Ltd
153.01
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
23.88%

below NABERS average

20MPa, (QE202E100) (Ecopact)
20MPa, (QE202E100) (Ecopact)
Holcim
153.11
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
23.83%

below NABERS average

25 MPa,  (NE251E1)(Ecopact)
25 MPa, (NE251E1)(Ecopact)
Holcim
153.12
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
31.03%

below NABERS average

25 MPa,  (NE251E5)(Ecopact)
25 MPa, (NE251E5)(Ecopact)
Holcim
153.12
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
31.03%

below NABERS average

20MPa, (QE201E100)(Ecopact)
20MPa, (QE201E100)(Ecopact)
Holcim
153.16
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
23.80%

below NABERS average

15MPa, N15/20N/SCM concrete manufactured in our Northern Region
15MPa, N15/20N/SCM concrete manufactured in our Northern Region
Hazell Bros Concrete Pty Ltd
153.35
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
23.71%

below NABERS average

20MPa, Triple Blend (QLD)
20MPa, Triple Blend (QLD)
Holcim
154.00
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
23.38%

below NABERS average

25 MPa, Triple Blend (NSW/ACT)
25 MPa, Triple Blend (NSW/ACT)
Holcim
154.00
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
30.63%

below NABERS average

Futurecrete® Ultra S7MPA LEAN HAND PLACED 20MM (NSW)
Futurecrete® Ultra S7MPA LEAN HAND PLACED 20MM (NSW)
Adbri
154.06
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
14.89%

below NABERS average

20MPa, (QE201E100) (Ecopact)
20MPa, (QE201E100) (Ecopact)
Holcim
156.11
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
22.33%

below NABERS average

20MPa,  (QE201E) (Ecopact)
20MPa, (QE201E) (Ecopact)
Holcim
156.11
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
22.33%

below NABERS average

20MPa,  (QE202E) (Ecopact)
20MPa, (QE202E) (Ecopact)
Holcim
156.11
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
22.33%

below NABERS average

25 MPa, Concrete: N25/20/80 manufactured at Smithfield
25 MPa, Concrete: N25/20/80 manufactured at Smithfield
Advanced Readymix
156.93
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
29.31%

below NABERS average

20MPa, (QE202E)(Ecopact)
20MPa, (QE202E)(Ecopact)
Holcim
157.15
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
21.82%

below NABERS average

20MPa, Ready-Mix Concrete SLAG AGG CONCRETE MIX, (LC)50 (NSW)
20MPa, Ready-Mix Concrete SLAG AGG CONCRETE MIX, (LC)50 (NSW)
Concrite
158.00
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
21.39%

below NABERS average

20MPa, (QE202EEZY) (Ecopact)
20MPa, (QE202EEZY) (Ecopact)
Holcim
158.11
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
21.34%

below NABERS average

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