Sub-structure
The sub-structure forms the building’s foundation, including footings, slabs, and below-ground walls. Typically heavy in concrete and steel, these elements often account for a large share of total embodied carbon. Early-stage visibility into material impacts can support reduction strategies from the ground up.
Natural Sand
Holcim (Australia) Pty Ltd
3.10
tonne
Australia
Steel Reinforcement bar/ Steel Rebar
Raajratna Metal Industries Limited
2,784.10
tonne
India
Shrinkage Limited Cement (SL) - Port Kembla
Adbri Limited
812.00
tonne
Australia
Spraymasta Tunnel 40MPa 40kg/m³ Steel Fibre, 1bag/m³ Poly Fibre
Heidelberg Materials Australia Pty Ltd
301.00
m3
Australia
Port Kembla General Purpose Cement
Cement Australia Pty Ltd
846.00
tonne
Australia
FATRAFOL 803S
Fatra, a.s.
5.28
m2
Czech Republic
FATRAFOL 814 - Heterogeneous Waterproofing Membrane
Fatra, a.s.
9.63
m2
Czech Republic
General Purpose Cement (GP) - Darwin
Adbri Limited
509.00
tonne
Australia
Concrete Aggregates
Holcim (Australia) Pty Ltd
7.98
tonne
Australia
Ballast Aggregates
Holcim (Australia) Pty Ltd
7.81
tonne
Australia
Other Aggregates
Holcim (Australia) Pty Ltd
6.12
tonne
Australia
Asphalt Aggregates
Holcim (Australia) Pty Ltd
9.24
tonne
Australia
Low Carbon Cement
Cement Australia Pty Ltd
544.00
tonne
Australia
General Purpose Cement (GP) - Birkenhead
Adbri Limited
676.00
tonne
Australia
Manufactured Sand
Holcim (Australia) Pty Ltd
6.01
tonne
Australia
Low Heat Cement (LH) - Darwin
Adbri Limited
509.00
tonne
Australia
Goliath General Purpose Cement
Cement Australia Pty Ltd
757.00
tonne
Australia
Bulwer Island General Purpose Cement
Cement Australia Pty Ltd
861.00
tonne
Australia
Gladstone General Purpose Cement
Cement Australia Pty Ltd
827.00
tonne
Australia
Prefabricated steel reinforcement cages
AUSREO
1,660.00
tonne
Australia
Stabilised Sand 15%
Heidelberg Materials Australia Pty Ltd
163.00
m3
Australia
Mesh D500L 5.6mm-9.6mm
Bestbar Pty Ltd
797.00
kg
Australia
Reinforcing bar
AUSREO
1,660.00
tonne
Australia
NS322EC2 (Stage 1B Basement Barangaroo South, 32 MPa special-class)
Holcim (Australia) Pty Ltd
206.00
m3
Australia
Tylden Quarry Basalt Aggregates
Fulton Hogan
5.10
tonne
Australia
VS402MTT (Metro Tunnel Project, 40 MPa special-class)
Holcim (Australia) Pty Ltd
248.00
m3
Australia
Tynong Quarry Granite Aggregates
Fulton Hogan
7.80
tonne
Australia
FATRAFOL 911
Fatra, a.s.
5.28
m2
Czech Republic
Bulk Granite Aggregate
BGC Quarries
4.95
tonne
Australia
General Purpose Cement (GP) - Munster
Adbri Limited
985.00
tonne
Australia
Natural Sand
Fossil Carbon Footprint
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
Steel Reinforcement bar/ Steel Rebar
Fossil Carbon Footprint
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
Shrinkage Limited Cement (SL) - Port Kembla
Fossil Carbon Footprint
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
Spraymasta Tunnel 40MPa 40kg/m³ Steel Fibre, 1bag/m³ Poly Fibre
Fossil Carbon Footprint
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
Port Kembla General Purpose Cement
Fossil Carbon Footprint
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
FATRAFOL 803S
Fossil Carbon Footprint
kg CO2e / m2 (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / m2 (A1-A3)
FATRAFOL 814 - Heterogeneous Waterproofing Membrane
Fossil Carbon Footprint
kg CO2e / m2 (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / m2 (A1-A3)
General Purpose Cement (GP) - Darwin
Fossil Carbon Footprint
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
Concrete Aggregates
Fossil Carbon Footprint
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
Ballast Aggregates
Fossil Carbon Footprint
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
Other Aggregates
Fossil Carbon Footprint
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
Asphalt Aggregates
Fossil Carbon Footprint
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
Low Carbon Cement
Fossil Carbon Footprint
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
General Purpose Cement (GP) - Birkenhead
Fossil Carbon Footprint
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
Manufactured Sand
Fossil Carbon Footprint
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
Low Heat Cement (LH) - Darwin
Fossil Carbon Footprint
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
Goliath General Purpose Cement
Fossil Carbon Footprint
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
Bulwer Island General Purpose Cement
Fossil Carbon Footprint
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
Gladstone General Purpose Cement
Fossil Carbon Footprint
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
Prefabricated steel reinforcement cages
Fossil Carbon Footprint
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
Stabilised Sand 15%
Fossil Carbon Footprint
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
Mesh D500L 5.6mm-9.6mm
Fossil Carbon Footprint
kg CO2e / kg (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / kg (A1-A3)
Reinforcing bar
Fossil Carbon Footprint
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
NS322EC2 (Stage 1B Basement Barangaroo South, 32 MPa special-class)
Fossil Carbon Footprint
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
Tylden Quarry Basalt Aggregates
Fossil Carbon Footprint
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
VS402MTT (Metro Tunnel Project, 40 MPa special-class)
Fossil Carbon Footprint
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
Tynong Quarry Granite Aggregates
Fossil Carbon Footprint
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
FATRAFOL 911
Fossil Carbon Footprint
kg CO2e / m2 (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / m2 (A1-A3)
Bulk Granite Aggregate
Fossil Carbon Footprint
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
General Purpose Cement (GP) - Munster
Fossil Carbon Footprint
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
Filter & sort
Aggregates and sand
Aggregates
Sand
Concretes and concrete products
Cement and cement mixes
Plastics
Other plastic products
Steel and Steel Products
Primary steel
Steel reinforcement
Footprint
kg CO₂e/unit
–
kg CO₂e/unit