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Sub-structure
The sub-structure forms the building’s foundation, including footings, slabs, and below-ground walls. Typically heavy in concrete and steel, these elements often account for a large share of total embodied carbon. Early-stage visibility into material impacts can support reduction strategies from the ground up.
Benchmark
Lowest
Highest
Recycled densely graded aggregate
ECORR
0.49
tonne
Australia
Recycled Aggregate
ECORR
0.61
tonne
Australia
Natural Sand
Holcim
3.10
tonne
N/A
Australia
Aggregate
BGC Australia
4.96
tonne
Australia
Aggregate, Tylden quarry products
Fulton Hogan
5.10
tonne
Australia
Manufactured Sand
Holcim
6.00
tonne
N/A
Australia
Concrete Aggregates
Holcim
6.17
tonne
Australia
Aggregate, Tynong quarry products
Fulton Hogan
7.80
tonne
Australia
Recovered Aggregates
Repurpose It
16.00
tonne
Australia
50MPa, Pre-mix Concrete TfNSW B80 - TREMIE B2 Exposure (NSW, Newcastle)
Boral
101.00
m3
Australia
20MPa, (NE201E1)(Ecopact)
Holcim
136.11
m3
Australia
20MPa, (NE201E5)(Ecopact)
Holcim
136.11
m3
Australia
20MPa Pre-mix Concrete EPG20FL
Barro Group
137.49
m3
Australia
20MPa, (NE202E1)(Ecopact)
Holcim
140.11
m3
Australia
S5MPA R82 20MM LEAN MIX HAND PLACED AEA (NSW)
Adbri
141.57
m3
Australia
20MPa Pre-mix Concrete EPG20F
Barro Group
144.49
m3
Australia
20MPa, Pre-mix Concrete Normal Class GP/GGBFS/FA blend (NSW, Wollongong)
Boral
148.00
m3
Australia
20MPa, Ready-Mix Concrete (LC)50 (NSW)
Concrite
149.00
m3
Australia
25 MPa, (NE252E1)(Ecopact)
Holcim
149.12
m3
Australia
25 MPa, (NE252E5)(Ecopact)
Holcim
149.12
m3
Australia
Futurecrete® Ultra N Class GP/GL:Slag 20MPa (VIC)
Adbri
149.14
m3
Australia
20MPa, (QE202E) (Ecopact)
Holcim
151.10
m3
Australia
20MPa, (QE201E)(Ecopact)
Holcim
151.16
m3
Australia
20MPa, Triple Blend (NSW/ACT)
Holcim
152.00
m3
Australia
15MPa, N15/20N/SCM concrete manufactured in our Southern Region
Hazell Bros
153.01
m3
Australia
20MPa, (QE202E100) (Ecopact)
Holcim
153.11
m3
Australia
25 MPa, (NE251E1)(Ecopact)
Holcim
153.12
m3
Australia
25 MPa, (NE251E5)(Ecopact)
Holcim
153.12
m3
Australia
20MPa, (QE201E100)(Ecopact)
Holcim
153.16
m3
Australia
15MPa, N15/20N/SCM concrete manufactured in our Northern Region
Hazell Bros
153.35
m3
Australia
20MPa, Triple Blend (QLD)
Holcim
154.00
m3
Australia
25 MPa, Triple Blend (NSW/ACT)
Holcim
154.00
m3
Australia
Futurecrete® Ultra S7MPA LEAN HAND PLACED 20MM (NSW)
Adbri
154.06
m3
Australia
20MPa, (QE201E100) (Ecopact)
Holcim
156.11
m3
Australia
20MPa, (QE201E) (Ecopact)
Holcim
156.11
m3
Australia
20MPa, (QE202E) (Ecopact)
Holcim
156.11
m3
Australia
25 MPa, Concrete: N25/20/80 manufactured at Smithfield
Advanced Readymix
156.93
m3
Australia
20MPa, (QE202E)(Ecopact)
Holcim
157.15
m3
Australia
20MPa, Ready-Mix Concrete SLAG AGG CONCRETE MIX, (LC)50 (NSW)
Concrite
158.00
m3
Australia
20MPa, (QE202EEZY) (Ecopact)
Holcim
158.11
m3
Australia
Recycled densely graded aggregate
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
below benchmark
Recycled Aggregate
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
below benchmark
Natural Sand
3.10
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
N/A
benchmark
Aggregate
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
below benchmark
Aggregate, Tylden quarry products
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
below benchmark
Manufactured Sand
6.00
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
N/A
benchmark
Concrete Aggregates
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
below benchmark
Aggregate, Tynong quarry products
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
above benchmark
Recovered Aggregates
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / tonne (A1-A3)
above benchmark
50MPa, Pre-mix Concrete TfNSW B80 - TREMIE B2 Exposure (NSW, Newcastle)
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
below benchmark
20MPa, (NE201E1)(Ecopact)
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
below benchmark
20MPa, (NE201E5)(Ecopact)
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
below benchmark
20MPa Pre-mix Concrete EPG20FL
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
below benchmark
20MPa, (NE202E1)(Ecopact)
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
below benchmark
S5MPA R82 20MM LEAN MIX HAND PLACED AEA (NSW)
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
below benchmark
20MPa Pre-mix Concrete EPG20F
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
below benchmark
20MPa, Pre-mix Concrete Normal Class GP/GGBFS/FA blend (NSW, Wollongong)
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
below benchmark
20MPa, Ready-Mix Concrete (LC)50 (NSW)
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
below benchmark
25 MPa, (NE252E1)(Ecopact)
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
below benchmark
25 MPa, (NE252E5)(Ecopact)
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
below benchmark
Futurecrete® Ultra N Class GP/GL:Slag 20MPa (VIC)
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
below benchmark
20MPa, (QE202E) (Ecopact)
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
below benchmark
20MPa, (QE201E)(Ecopact)
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
below benchmark
20MPa, Triple Blend (NSW/ACT)
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
below benchmark
15MPa, N15/20N/SCM concrete manufactured in our Southern Region
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
below benchmark
20MPa, (QE202E100) (Ecopact)
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
below benchmark
25 MPa, (NE251E1)(Ecopact)
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
below benchmark
25 MPa, (NE251E5)(Ecopact)
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
below benchmark
20MPa, (QE201E100)(Ecopact)
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
below benchmark
15MPa, N15/20N/SCM concrete manufactured in our Northern Region
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
below benchmark
20MPa, Triple Blend (QLD)
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
below benchmark
25 MPa, Triple Blend (NSW/ACT)
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
below benchmark
Futurecrete® Ultra S7MPA LEAN HAND PLACED 20MM (NSW)
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
above benchmark
20MPa, (QE201E100) (Ecopact)
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
below benchmark
20MPa, (QE201E) (Ecopact)
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
below benchmark
20MPa, (QE202E) (Ecopact)
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
below benchmark
25 MPa, Concrete: N25/20/80 manufactured at Smithfield
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
below benchmark
20MPa, (QE202E)(Ecopact)
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
below benchmark
20MPa, Ready-Mix Concrete SLAG AGG CONCRETE MIX, (LC)50 (NSW)
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
below benchmark
20MPa, (QE202EEZY) (Ecopact)
Upfront Carbon Emissions
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
kg CO2e / m3 (A1-A3)
below benchmark
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